![]() ![]() Studies have shown that phylogeny, ontogeny, diet, and geography could be related to phenotypic variation in venom composition. This antivenom shows cross-reactivity and neutralization capability against Indonesian T. albolabris venom, Thai Green Pit Viper Antivenom (GPVAV). The only treatment method known is a horse antivenom against Thailand T. There is no species-specific antivenom available for bite victims. The bite from all these pit vipers was reported to cause intense pain, mild to severe local swelling, and spontaneous bleeding. purpureomaculatus is considered an aggressive snake, quick to strike, and its envenomation is known to be non-fatal to humans, though it can cause uncontrolled systemic bleeding and local tissue hemorrhages. insularis is a common cause of snakebite in lowland East Java. Several fatalities caused by this snake genera have been documented in Indonesia. In Southeast Asia, pit vipers of the Trimeresurus complex significantly contribute to snakebite envenomation cases. This species mainly lives in mangrove, coastal swamp forests, and arboreal shrubs and trees. purpureomaculatus have diverse body colors ranging from olive, greyish, to brownish-purple and can be found in Indonesia, particularly on Sumatra island. This species is known to be terrestrial and nocturnal it burrows into loose soil and dead leaves in the daytime, while at night, it is usually found in low bushes. In Java, this species lives in mountainous areas and is found in coffee and tea plantations at altitudes of 1,000 to1,200 m asl. puniceusfrom Java is identified based on its red, reddish-brown or grey body with yellowish-white specks on indistinct greyish crossbands. puniceusor flat-nosed pit viper is distributed from Mentawai Archipelago, Natuna Archipelago, Sumatra, to Java and small islands around West Java. insularisis found on the east part of Java, Bali, and the Lesser Sunda Islands. albolabrisinhabits the west part of Java and Madura island meanwhile, T. Their differences were simplified based on their locality. The two species are usually recognized based on their bright green color and reddish-brown dorsal surface of the tail. These two species have proven to be distinct through molecular studies even though no practical diagnostic for the morphological character could be established. It is often encountered in rice fields, gardens, and human settlements. insularis are very common in the lowland. Black asterisks mark the species sampled in the present study. Phylogeny of the Asian pit viper ( Trimeresurus) complex, adapted from Pyron et al. puniceus is distantly related to the three species. The phylogeny of the genus Trimeresurus shows that T. purpureomaculatus is distributed from Myanmar, Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore to Sumatra island in Indonesia. puniceus is found from the Mentawai Archipelago, Natuna Archipelago, Sumatra island to Java island in Indonesia. insularis have a narrow distribution, from East Java, Bali to the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. albolabris habitat is widely spread and it is known to occur in Cambodia, China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia to the west part islands of Indonesia such as Sumatra, Bangka, and West Java. purpureomaculatus, are commonly found in Java and Sumatra islands of Indonesia. Trimeresurus snakes feed on small mammals (rats and mice), birds, lizards and frogs. Trimeresurus is a nocturnal, bush- and tree-dwelling animal in forests also found in open bushy areas, grasslands, plantations and gardens. These small to medium-sized snakes have a triangular head that is usually very distinct from the neck and equipped with a pair of long, hinged fangs in the anterior upper jaw. ![]() There are 19 species of Crotalinae (pit vipers) distributed in Indonesia, and 13 of them belong to Trimeresurus genus. The pit vipers of the genus Trimeresurusrepresent over 40 species of venomous snakes that are morphologically, ecologically and geographically diverse. ![]()
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